汗！！

From now on， Record everything

一个星期的紧张面试终于在今天下午画上了句号。

终于签约了，我的第一次面试，竟然奇迹般的成功了，公司就是传说中的中广核。

今天签约的地点是西藏饭店，五星级诶，从来没去过这么高档的地方。

写下名字的时候仿佛把自己卖了一样，一签就是至少5年，（我签的是联合培养班，要在明年毕业才开始算）。

现在起认真学习了，别大四毕业成为史上第一个被淘汰的人，那样就丢人丢大了。

好好学习，天天向上

此文转载自http://www.june29.com/Italian/
我会将此系列的文章翻译成中文，献给和我一样正在学习意大利语的朋友
转载请注明英文原文出处

---

意大利语课程2

欢迎来到我的网络意大利语课程的第二课。如果这是你第一次访问这门意大利语课程，请查看
第一课 以了解这门课程和意大利语的简介。

第二课 – La Casa （the house）

这星期的生词：

名词

la casa – 房子

la cucina – 厨房

la stanza – 房间

il bagno – 盥洗室

la tavola – 桌子，板子

il tavolo – 桌子

la parete – 墙

il muro – 墙

la porta – 们

la sedia – 椅子

il telefono – 电话

la televisione – 电视

la finestra – 窗子

动词

stare – to stay (seldom, to be)

essere – to be

介词

di – of (属于， 某些时候相当于英语中的 from)

da – from

in – in (something)

形容词

antipatico(-a) – 不愉快的

carino(-a) – 可爱漂亮的

buono(-a) – 好的

comodo(-a) – 舒服的

contento(-a) – 高兴的/令人愉悦的

malato(-a) – 病的

brutto(-a) – 丑陋的

grande – 大的

pulito(-a) – 干净的

cattivo(-a) – 坏的、不好的

nervoso(-a) – 紧张的

simpatico(-a) – 有同情心的（人，情况）

sporco(-a) – 脏乱的

tranquillo(-a) – 冷静的，安静的

vecchio(-a) – 老的

数字 11-99

11 undici

12 dodici

13 tredici

14 quattordici

15 quindici

16 sedici

17 diciassette

18 diciotto

19 diciannove

20 venti

21 ventuno

22 ventidue

23 ventitre

24 ventiquattro

25 venticinque

26 ventisei

27 ventisette

28 ventotto

29 ventinove

30 trenta

40 quaranta

50 cinquanta

60 sessanta

70 settanta

80 ottanta

90 novanta

颜色

bianco(-a) – white

giallo(-a) – yellow

arancione – orange

rosa – pink

rosso(-a) – red

azzurro(-a) – blue

verde – green

marrone – brown

grigio(-a) – grey

nero(-a) – black

发音

大多数意大利语字母和英语字母发音很像。但这节课的生词中也有一些不规则的字母发音。

c, ci, ch

意大利语中 c 有2种可能的发音。 It can
sound like the ch in chip, or like the k in
kite. Unlike English, there are very strict rules about when
the Italian c sounds like a ch or a k. If the c precedes (comes
before) an e or an i, the c will have a ch sound. For example,

undici.
If the group ci precedes an a, o or u, it is also pronounced as
ch AND the i is mute : ciao sounds as English chao.
If the c precedes any other letter (a, o, u, or a
consonant, although the latter is very rare), then it will have a k sound, as in comodo.

If the group ch precedes an i, or an e, it is pronounced as
k : chi sounds as English kee.
The word cucina has both types of c in it – the first c
makes the k sound, and the second c makes the ch

sound.

g, gi, gh

The Italian g has 2 possible sounds. It can
sound like the g in got, or like the j or dg in

judge.
The rules are similar to the ones described above for c. Thus getto is
pronounced as English jet-toh, and gioia as English joy-ah.
While gotto and ghetto are pronounced as English got-toh and

get-toh.

j y

In Italian j and y are not used, and when they occur (in foreign or
arcaic words), they are pronounced as an Italian i.

w

In Italian w is not used, and when it occurs (in foreign words),
a native Italian would pronounce it as a v.

rr and all other double consonants.

All times a double consonant is written, it is actually pronounced twice. It takes practice to do it well.

v

Sounds exactly like in English.

s

The Italian s may have two pronounciations. One of them is like English z or
s : rosa is pronounced similarly to English rose with a terminal ah. The
other one is like English s e.g. in set : sette is pronounced like

set-teh. There are no definite rules on two pronounciations (although some dictionaries
report the “correct” one), and there are regional variations in the pronounciation of the same word.
In general you will be understood, even if your pronounciation may sound strange. As a rule of thumb,
s followed by vowel in the second or further syllable of a word, has the z sound
(e.g. rosa, casa), while s followed by vowel or consonant (usually t or p)
at the beginning of a word is an s sound : sette, stare.

z

The Italian z is pronounced much harder than an English, like sound ts, or
tz, like in word tzar. There are actually two variant of the z sound
in Italian, which are marked in dictionaries, but are subject to regional variations and make little
difference for the everyday speaker.

Two (not so) confusing verbs – essere and stare

If you have already read the New Words section, you probably noticed that the
two verbs introduced this week sometimes may mean both “to be”. In fact however
essere is the proper verb corresponding to “to be”. Stare means “to stay”, and is
used where an English speaker would expect to use “to be” only in two cases. Confusing the
two verbs is proper of popular speech in Southern Italy but feels somewhat uncouth.

Verb Conjugation

As in English, verbs are conjugated, or take various forms, in Italian. In
the present tense, there are 6 verb forms (“persons”), depending on who the subject
of the verb is. Here are the conjugations for essere and stare:

essere – to be

io sono (“I am”)

tu sei (“you are”)

Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei) /esso(-a) è (“you (formal)/he/she/it is”)

noi siamo (“we are”)

voi siete (“you (plural) are”)

Loro/essi(-e)/loro sono (“you (old formal plural)/they (things and persons)/they (persons) are”)

stare – to stay

io sto (“I stay”)

tu stai (“you stay”)

Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei) /esso(-a) sta (“you (formal)/he/she/it stays”)

noi stiamo (“we stay”)

voi state (“you (plural) stay”)

Loro/essi(-e)/loro stanno (“you (old formal plural)/they (things and persons)/they (persons) stay”)

Note that the conjugations for Lei (you), egli (he),

ella/lei (she) and esso(-a) (it) use the same form of the verb. The same goes for their
plurals (though the singular and the plural use different forms).

* – You will note there are formal and familiar forms for the second person, unlike English where forms like
“thou” are in disuse. It is important to use the proper one otherwise you’ll look uneducated.
In the singular form you use tu when addressing to a relative, a friend, a colleague or a child.

It is felt uneducated and unkind to use tu when addressing a person you do not know. In such cases
the form now preferred in modern Italian is Lei (literally, she, and verbs are conjugated like
in the third person singular). I’ll write this Lei with a capital L to make it clear. This is not
necessary, although it is used e.g. in commercial letters. Note that the feminine form is used also when
addressing to men : this is because “she” is “your Lordship” and the word Lordship in Italian is of feminine
gender. In the popular speech in Northern Italy this is felt strange, and sometimes you’ll hear Lui
(literally, he) as a courtesy form for “you” when addressing a man. This usage is not recommended.

Another courtesy form used to address a person instead of tu is Voi (literally, “you”,
i.e. the plural form, like in English, and using the same conjugation of the plural form). This form is
felt somewhat archaic (it might be used in the South or in the countryside, and was favoured by the
Fascist regime).

In the plural, nowadays use goes for voi both as a familiar and as a formal form. You would sound
unusually formal, if you’d use Loro (literally, they) when addressing more than one
persons. However sometimes it is used.

I will include
with all verb conjugations all the 6 main forms.

A further note regarding the third person. Egli and ella, for he and she, are literary
forms, which in spoken Italian are usually replaced by lui and lei (literally him and
her). These are the masculine and feminine forms for persons. Esso and essa are the
forms for “it”, and have a masculine and feminine form according to grammatical gender of the noun of the
thing to which they refer. In the plural, essi and esse are respectively the masculine
and feminine form for “they” for persons and things. However nowadays spoken Italian prefers loro

(literally, them) for persons.

Now that you have this pretty little conjugation, what does one do with it?
Make sentences, of course. The conjugation of a verb tells you which form of
the verb to use depending on who is the subject of the verb. In English we
conjugate without thinking about it – I am, you are, he
is, etc. You don’t (normally) say “I are” or “you is”, because it’s
gramatically incorrect. Likewise in Italian, you don’t say “io sei“,
because it’s just plain wrong. Here are some examples of using essere
and stare:

Io sono vecchio. (“I am old.”)

Tu sei carina. (“You are pretty.”)

Noi siamo nervosi. (“We are nervous.”)

Lei sta sulla sedia. (“She is on the chair.”) Note that

Lei e’ seduta. (literally “She is seated”) is the form for “She is in the chair.”

Essi sono sporchi. (“They (the males) are dirty.”)

Now it’s time to explain the differences between essere and stare,
before we go any further. Essere means “to be” or “to exist”, while stare usually means
“to stay” but can be used where English idiomatics use “to be”. The rules are
summarized here:

essere is used to indicate more permanent aspects of people or things, such as -

1. Identity – Io sono Carla. (“I am Carla”)
2. Profession – Egli è un professore. (“He is a professor.”)
3. Origin – Noi siamo di Milano. (“We are from Milan.”)
4. Religious or political affiliation – Tu sei cattolico?(“You are Catholic?”)
5. Time of day or date – Sono le otto. (“It is 8 o’clock.”)
6. Possession – La casa è di Giovanna. (“It is Giovanna’s house.”)
7. Nationality – Sono Italiano. (“I am from Italy.”)
8. Physical aspects or characteristics of something – Le sedie sono
   verdi. (“The chairs are green.”)
9. Essential qualities of something or someone – Sono vecchio. Sei
   antipatico. (“I am old. You are unpleasant.”)
10. Location – La sedia è in cucina. (“The chair is in
    the kitchen.”)
11. but also, more rarely – La sedia sta in cucina. (“The chair is in
    the kitchen.”)
12. Condition or emotion that is subject to change – Sono malato.(“I am sick.”)
13. Personal observations or reactions, how something “seems” or “feels” -
    La cucina è pulita. (“The kitchen is (seems) clean.”)

stare is used to indicate precise locations, in idioms and as auxiliary, such as -

1. Idiomatic sentences – Sto bene.(“I am well.”)
2. Idiomatic sentences – Sto male.(“I feel bad.”)
3. Location – La sedia sta in cucina. (“The chair is in
   the kitchen.”)
4. Continuous tense – Sto correndo.(“I am running.”)

Notes: Notice that the verb form used for things like la sedia is
the egli/ella/esso(-a) form. A chair is an “it” (below, you’ll see
that it’s actually a “she”), which uses the egli/ella/esso(-a)

form of the verb. Also notice that you can make sentences like Sono Italiano,
without including the pronoun. To English speakers this may seem
like saying “Am from Italy”, which we would never do, but in Italian, because
the subject can be figured out by the form of the verb used (since
the sentence used sono, the subject must be io, or I), there
is no confusion about who the subject of the sentence is and the pronoun can
be left out. If it would be unclear what the subject of the sentence is, then
the pronoun has to be included.

The above lists of when to use essere and stare have to be
memorized – using them incorrectly means you will be less likely to be
understood, and people will definitely know you are not a native speaker. The
same goes for the conjugations of essere and stare. Every
Italian verb has a conjugation, and memorizing them just goes along with
learning the language.

Il, lo, la, un, uno and una (definite and indefinite articles)

In Italian, as well as all the other Romance languages (French, Spanish, etc),
all nouns have a gender associated with them. “Chair” is feminine, “telephone”
is masculine. The way to tell whether a noun is masculine or feminine is to
look at the il/lo or la that precedes the noun in the New Words
section of these lessons. Il is the definite article that
corresponds to masculine nouns – il professore, il telefono.
La is the definite article that corresponds to feminine nouns – la
casa, la tavola, la finestra. Whether a noun is considered feminine or
masculine is generally based on the last letter of the noun. If the noun ends
with an “a”, as in sedia or cucina, then it is most probably
a feminine noun. If it ends with an “o”, such as muro

or orologio (wristwatch), then it is always a masculine noun. Exceptions
do exist to this rule – poeta (poet) is masculine
- but the majority of Italian nouns behave normally. Nouns ending with an “e”, can be masculine or
feminine, usually according to the meaning (like padre (father) and madre
(mother) – but e.g. parete is feminine). The
exceptions just have to be memorized as you come across them.

When using nouns, you must make sure that you use the correct gender and number
when using an identifier. The identifiers are il, lo, la, i, gli, le, un, uno
and una. Il, lo and la are
singular definite articles, which means you are talking about a

specific thing. La sedia means “the chair” – you
are talking about a specific chair. Un, uno and una are

singular indefinite articles, which means you are taking about
any member of a group of things. Una sedia means “a
chair” – you are talking about any chair in general. The use of these
identifiers is identical to the way you would say it in English – if you want
to say “a table”, use una, and if you want to say “the table”, use
la. i and gli are the plural of il and lo, and le is
the plural of la. You use these plural definite articles

when you are talking about several specific members of a group – i
tavoli means “the tables”. There are no
plural forms of uno and una, and to translate
“some” when used in sentences, one must use indeterminate pronouns -
dei tavoli means “some tables”.

Note however that for uncountables nouns, where English uses no article (“Wine is red”),
Italian will use an article (Il vino e’ rosso).

You may wonder why there are two forms for the masculine articles (il and lo,
and their plurals i and gli, as well as un and uno). The
first form is used when a noun begins with a consonant (il telefono), the second
form is used when a noun begins with a vowel (un Italiano), or with s followed by a consonant,
or with z, gn, ps or x.

As a further complication, if a (masculine or feminine) noun begins with a vowel, the articles
lo and la) are not written in full form (Lo Italiano, “the Italian man”, or
“Italian language”) unless a new line
starts across the two words, but in abbreviated form (L’Italiano) separated by an
apostrophe. The apostrophe means something has been elided (left out). Even trickier (but this
is how one recognizes who knows Italian !), with indefinite articles, the apostrophe is needed
only for the feminine form (since for the masculine one REPLACES uno with un which
is a valid existing form, thus : un Italiano (“an Italian man”) but un’Italiana

(“an Italian woman”).

Here are some examples using these articles:

Le stanze sono grandi. (“The rooms are big.”)

Delle sedie sono in cucina. (“Some chairs are in the kitchen.”)

Il telefono è verde. (“The telephone is green.”)

La parete è brutta. (“The wall is ugly.”)

Di, da and in

Di is Italian for of (or from, in the way sometimes used in English).
La casa di Teresa means
“Teresa’s house” (literally, “the house of Teresa”). Sono di Milano
means “I am from Milan”. Di is used most often to show posession or
origin, as per the preceding examples. When di is followed by an

il, as in la casa di il professore, the di and il
are combined into del. So the only and correct way to say “The (male)
professor’s house” would be la casa del professore.

Da is Italian for from, in all cases this indicates a motion. Since we haven’t
seen any verbs of motion, we can’t make examples yet.

In is Italian for … in, as in inside something (not necessarily inside
a physical object). It can be used to mean that something is inside something
else, as in la sedia sta in cucina (“the chair is in the
kitchen”), or that someone is somewhere, Marco è in
Italia
(“Mark is in Italy”).

Adjectives

Agreement

Adjectives are words that describe things, words like “red”, “fast”, and
“pretty”. In English, there isn’t much to using adjectives because they never
change – “the fast car” or “the cars are fast”. In Italian, the adjective
has to agree, in both gender and number, with whatever it is
describing. If the adjective modifies a feminine noun, then the adjective uses
a feminine ending. If the adjective modifies a masculine plural noun, then the
adjective uses a masculine plural ending. Here are some adjectives with their
various endings:

carino – pretty

singular masculine – carino

singular feminine – carina

plural masculine – carini

plural feminine – carine

comodo – comfortable

• singular masculine – comodo
• singular feminine – comoda
• plural masculine – comodi
• plural feminine – comode

brutto – ugly

• singular masculine – brutto
• singular feminine – brutta
• plural masculine – brutti
• plural feminine – brutte

sporco – dirty

• singular masculine – sporco
• singular feminine – sporca
• plural masculine – sporchi
• plural feminine – sporche

bianco – white

• singular masculine – bianco
• singular feminine – bianca
• plural masculine – bianchi
• plural feminine – bianche

nero – black

• singular masculine – nero
• singular feminine – nera
• plural masculine – neri
• plural feminine – nere

The above rules are good for any adjective that ends in an -o or -a. Adjectives
like grande and verde, that end in -e, do not
have separate masculine and
feminine forms and make plural in -i. So, you would say la stanza e’ grande (“the room is
big”), and il muro e’ grande (“the wall is big”), as well as le sedie
sono grandi (“the chairs are big”). There are exceptions to this
rule, but that will be addressed in another lesson.

Placement of adjectives

In Italian, adjectives generally (poetry is different !) go after the noun they are describing. For
example, il telefono rosso (“the red telephone”), and le professoresse vecchie
(“the old (female) professors”). If you want to say
that “something is something”, then the sentence structure is the same
as in English, using the correct forms of essere:
il telefono è rosso (“the telephone is red”);

le professoresse sono vecchie (“the (female) professors are old”).

Numbers 11-99

The numbers 11-16, like the numbers 1-10 in Lesson 1, have slightly irregular forms -
however they follow some patterns,
much like they do in English. 17-19 follow another pattern. Eleven is undici, which is
actually a contraction (shortening) of uno e dieci, or “1 and 10″.
Seventeen is Diciassette, or “10 and 7″, and so on. Much like the
“teens” in English – fourteen, fifteen, sixteen,
seventeen, etc.

Twenty in Italian is venti. Twenty-one is ventuno
(a contraction of venti e uno or “twenty and one”), 22 is
ventidue (“twenty and two”), and so on. Thirty is trenta,
31 is trentuno, 38 is trentotto (“thirty and 8″). This
pattern holds for all of the numbers 11 through 99 – first learn the base
(such as venti (“twenty”), quaranta (“forty”), or

ottanta (“eighty”)), then to make numbers in-between the bases,
add the word for the second number
onto the end (ventidue (“twenty-two”), quarantacinque
(“forty-five”), ottantanove (“eighty-nine”)). If two vowels meet, the first
one is dropped like in vent(i)uno (“twenty-one”). Isn’t that easy?

Examples

Here are some examples of sentences you can now make, using the words and
grammar from these 2 lessons:

• Sono di Milano
• Tino è in cucina.
• La signorina è carina.
• Tu sei antipatico.
• La sedia è comoda.
• Milano è in Italia.
• Il professore vecchio è malato.
• Il telefono verde è sporco.
• Il bagno è in casa.
• La casa di Maria è arancione. (what a funny colour ?)

Here are the translations for these
sentences.

---

That’s the end of Lesson 2. As always, feel free to mail me questions,
comments, or corrections on this or any of the Lessons. Believe me, I’m
starting to get a new appreciation for teachers through my work with this.

original Spanish lesson by Tyler Chambers, 6-27-94
refurbished for Italian by Lucio Chiappetti, lucio@ifctr.mi.cnr.it,
09-09-94

Copyright Lucio Chiappetti 1994.

前天手机莫名其妙的乎坏了，功能正常，屏幕无法显示，应该是排线断了。

昨天下午就拿去手机店修了，那人说这个手机的排线很难找，有可能找不到。

今天刚去，那人又没在，等了半个多小时，说排线买回来了，装的时候才发现，型号居然买错了，我的手机的是D636，他买了个D736，狂汗！！

今天晚上打电话问问能不能修好，修不好的话就只有换手机了。。。

杯具阿！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

---

更新（3月11日）
不能修了，只有再买一个…